STROOP EFFECT internal asse. part one

Throughout time physicological advances have permitted our knowledge about humans grow. Once we start to wonder and question ourselves about the functions of our bodies we come to realize that the brain muscles and other body parts have helped us evolve over time. One of the most important experiments in history is the Stroop Effect, conducted by John Ridley Stroop in the 1930’s. What’s really important is the demonstration of interference in the brain through this experiment; this experiment shows the true capacity of mental flexibility. Interference is the process by which the brain is trying to sort two different concepts or ideas. This in the case of this experiment would be shape and color. This causes a delay in your brain. There are two theories that support the Stroop Effect “Speed of Processing Theory: the interference occurs because words are read faster than colors are named. Selective Attention Theory: the interference occurs because naming colors requires more attention than reading words. “ Both of these theories help explain the experiment. Its important also to state it importance in neurophysiology. When given the word and the color the process in which one has to identify both of the is called the anterior cingulate. This part of the brain lies between the frontal left and right part of the brain, which also involves the emotions and thoughts one receives. The true process of this experiment by hand is through simple task. It involves the handing out of a paper contains various words shaded in the colors they aren’t truly. For example in this experiment the paper would have written purple and had shaded it pink. You are later asked to please say the name of the word that you see without having previously analyzed it. This is the part in which interference takes part and truly works its way to complete the assignment, although taking way longer. Although this may sound quite easy it is contrary to that completely, this is one of the most difficult experiments to explain. Researchers have developed through time a hypothesis to this experiment concluding that “words are processed better than colors” . But we have come to realize that it has to do with response compatibility. In search of removing the color interference that we obtain others have created matching color experiments like the ones of Pritchatt(1968) and McClain(1983) with the use of colored buttons. Stroop interference has been greatly impacting to the world and most definitely to the branches of psychology.

placebo

PLACEBO:
"A substance having no pharmalogical effect but given merely to satisfy a patient who suppose it to be a medicine". H. K. Beecher evaluated 15 clinical trials concerned with different diseasses and found that 35% of 1,082 patients were satisfactorily relieved by a placebo alone. He began studies to try and understand how something could be produced by nothing. "The reanaysis of Beechers data claims that the improvements were due to: Spontenous improvementetc. Making it very difficult to see whether it was due to the placeboor the natural improvement. The tyoes of problems that one gets from placebos is the fact that you never truly know wherether or not the placebos is the one that is making the difference or another problem is that placebos are fake medicine and sometimes their is a real d need for medicine and then thanks to the placeboks some people even die. I believe that Placebos are just like deception they mess up with your mind even after debriefing which is the most difficult part of the placebo takers. What i truly feel about the placebo is that they should be used for simple disease or diseases that are not in the long run going to kill you. In my mind they are not effective I think its true effectivness is the way people feel about their disease.

ALZHEIMERS DISEASE

Alzheimers Disease

includes the partial or complete loss of memorystored in a humans body. To me this diseaseis one of the sadest disease one could posibly acquire.There is no cure except a pill you can take that will help the loss of memory decrease. This disease basically creates a new person they slowly start to become another person not remembering whether you were there child, husband or simply someone from the streets. I find it completely strange how one person with this disease changes so quickly how a person can respond to you, because generally people with alzheimers disease tend to be rude because they loose the sense of morals they have no idea whetherwhattheyare saying is someting rude or not. To me this disease is horrendous becuase the person who has the diseasse besides not knowing that they cant recall things(in some cases). they start to change quickly they will never understand something or be able to learn something new, it is quite strange to think about it. Because they change so quickly they startbecoming like babies again and they require so much attention because they have no idea about danger, so there is so much that these people need regarding care and attention that it is quite disturbing and to a point were we start to feel pitty towards them.

DIFFERENCES

Gender Difference
Gender difference, scientits did in fact figureout that gender does play an important part in our memory, especially in the episodic memory. Women had an advantage they can remember words, task and names. But men did outpower women in unverbal things and visioupatial information. Although women still beat the men in remebering like where the keys are and this requires both visioupatial and episodic memory. In conclusion women have a better memory, like when they are remembering a face they can recall better those of a female than of a male. always remembering that education and background play a huge role in the memory.

Cultural Difference,
Studied by psychologists of chilhood amnesia or amnesia that all children have is determined mainly becuase of their background. It is caused mainly becuase of their background meaning that they learn more about their memor y from earlier stages due to their culture. Culture plays a huge role becuause it determinses the way in which parent behave towards their children whether it is in a personal way or not. The eventuality of us remembering an event is due to the way in which our parents and children talk about what happened and the ways in which children encode the information. This ties up to culture because in Asia parents have low talkative way with their children than the Americans and then the Maori which is highly based on culture then have a high talkative thing with their children causing cultural differences in the way that we have learned what happened to us during the child amnesia state in our bodies.

article 1

Article #1

New Understanding of how we remember traumatic events,

Dr. Louise Fabler and colleagues have had a high impact in the research of memory and our brain. In a research they conducted they discovered how the amygdala a part in our brain stores all our high emotions, causing there research to be very substantial in discoveries due to the fact that they found out that noradrenaline the adrenaline that creates the storage of memory in our brain. I believe this experiment is very important due to the fact that too me the fact that we understand how our brains work so highly, believe we have a chance of helping someone forget or recall previous stimuli.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081028103111.htm

Article #2

Discoveres started to question our long term memory. But then researchers discovered that our visual memory lasts only four seconds. And that after that the memories start to slowly fade away/. Dr. Weiwi Zhang and Dr. Luck tried to test memory accuracy, they gave their test to 12 adults. The first test they were shown a color for ten seconds then they were shon a color wheel which was colorles and was highlighted in one of the squares, and then they had to recall the color of the beggining of that square. They repeated it for 150 times. this determined the accuracy of each persons memory. Then they conducted a second test which consisted of shpaes instead of colors. They came to the conclusion that people or have the memory or they dont. This helps in life because we are able to see that we should never ask for help or base on conclusion due to memory since memory is so malleable and can be easily influenced.

sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04

Article #3

Authors Stefano Puntoni, Bart de Langche and Stijn were researching trilingual languages and the effect that messages like slogan always tend to have a larger impact if they are in our mother language. This is due to the effect that our language has since it reminds us of memories and past experiences. They also found out that our mother language has a huge impact on us especially on women. This is important in our lives due to the fact that public relations are highly important and knowing that mother language has a higher impact then many will use that language. This also has an impact because the way that people perceive messages is different than a person from another country.

Questionaire

1. Explain the concept of sensory memory.
Sensory memory retains the brief impression of a sensory stimulus after the stimulus itself has ended

2. Give an example of sensory memory.
when we have recently viewed an object like turning our heads and focusing on other things the moment right after we have turned our heads we still have a bit of memory towards what we saw.

3. What is the capacity of our sensory memory?
sensory memory is short; visual information, for example, fades away in less than a second.

4. Describe the concept of short-term memory.Selective attention determines what information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory, often stored as sounds, especially in recalling words, but may be stored as images.

5. What is the "magic number" as it relates to short-term memory and who conducted the experiment which established this measurement?
The magic number basically is the fact that humans don’t really learn ten phone digits, we actually group them into groups of two or three and then this is the way that we learn it.

6. What is chunking?
chunking relates to the +2 -2 theory that humans “Chunk” the information to be able to store it in our brains.

7. What has been determined to be the ideal size of "chunks" for both letters and numbers?
The ideal size of the “chunks” is a group of 2 when you have to learn about 7 digits.

8. Which mode of encoding does short-term memory mostly rely on, acoustic or visual?
o I believe that there is both the use of iconic memory when we are able to hold visual images and there is also the acoustic memory when have the ability to hold sounds.

9. Explain the duration and capacity of long-term memory.
The Capacity of the long-term memory is unknown, but it is incredible because it is said that the brain can be more powerful than any computer. It is impossible to measure it and it may be limitless. Information is thought to be stored permanently. It is now thought possible that some memories may be genetically inherited and last longer than a lifetime.

10. Explain in detail the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
In 1968 Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a model of human memory which had two different memory stores: the short-term memory, and long-term memory, afterwards sensory memory was added.

11. Identify three criticisms or limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
its way too lineal, does not give much emphasis on unconssious projects and (negative reference point)

12.Explain the Levels of Processing Model of memory.
levels of processing relates to the way in which stimuli is stored in our brain going from highest to lowest.

13. What is maintenance rehearsal - give an example.
Maintenance Rehearsal is the process in which one repeats verbally or thinks about a piece of information. An example would be when you are given a phone number, pin or code and you repeat the stimuli, this is only helpful for short term memory.

14. What is elaborative rehearsal - give an example.
Elaborative rehearsal involves deep processing of a to-be-remembered item resulting in the production of durable memories. An example would be when we try to group a phone number to store it in the long term

15. Who developed the Levels of Processing Model and the concepts of maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
Craik and Lockhart in 1972 developed the concepts of maintenance and elaborative rehersal, this was the result of a criticism at another model.

video response

Memory, I never knew how it really affected us. Trully this video has taught me the various disease that one can get from memory loss. Like Amnesia, we were given an example of a man who had amnesia it was trully sad to see him not remembering what he was going to and even his children ,another example we were given was one of a woman who had memory disorder due to the stress of an event. We got to see how eventually she started to remember and she said that gaining memory was horrible due to the fact that she was getting these emotions that were horrible. She was later put on a pill that blocks memory to conduct an experiment. In the video besides seeing the effects on memory i also learned that through the years people loose memory, they very slowly start to forget tiny details. But from our birth to about our twenties we are at our highest memory point and it is until we reach the age of forty that we begin to loose memory.

STroOP EFFECT

Stroop Effect

A famous experiment called Stroop effect after J. Ridley Stroop who discovered the strange phenomena of the stroop effect in 1930's. This effect is a demonstration of interference, ones brain has to sort out the information being procesed. A psychologic test of our mental vitality and flexibility. This experiment is a clear example of the brain trying to focus and interpret at the same time. It relates to the cognitive process. It is also an original experiment that demonstrates the process of the brain. The cognitive mechanism used in this task is called directed attention. You have to manage your attention or control your response to answer corectly.

STEPS:

a great example is the word PURPLE in this experiment the word purple would be in RED ink causing great confusion to the brain. causig your brain to delay in the process of analyzing due to the fact that it is confused.

Results:

Prove that our brain due to confussion taks more time to analyze. And that the naing of colors is more difficult than reading them. Creating the selective attention theory. Also proving to us that when one is learning a language or learning to read people have no problem stating the name of the colors. But that once you have learned how to read you get confused due to interference.

MULTI TASKING = MORE TIME

1. There is a constant myth that the multitasking is a true virtue. As stated by Dr. Edward Hallowell "mythical activity in which people believe they can perform two or more tasks simultaneoulsy" We are never capable of doing two things at the same time. We are just training our minds to do things quicker. A study in the July 16th issue of neuron states that no one does two thigns at the same time you just juggle two things extremely quickly.

2. Response selection bottleneck

this refers to as when your brain is trying to do many things at once. As the result of this we are proven that by doing more than one thing at time we are not be EFFICENT we are actually SLOWING DOWN.

3. The fact that David Meyer proved that the act of multitasking releases hormones and adrenaline is important due to the fact that these can end up causeing long term health problems.

4. "We have to be aware that there is a cost to the way that our society is changing, that humans are not built to work this way. we're really built to focus"-Poldrack. Poldrack found out that our brain while multitasking looses focus. Because of the way we perceive the information. Poldrack proved this by examining the brain of a person who was focussing and a person who was multitasking. Stating that when we multi-task we use the part of the brain called striatum. Proving that although we perceive the information we are not grasping it as well as we could if we were focused. Overall he states that multi-tasking only makes you take longer in the process of stuff

5. The author concludes that although we create various ways to do a single stimuli we are not gettinng wiser.

Bambuti Tribe
who are they? they are a small tribe in central and western africa in the democratic republic of Congo. They are forest dwellers, they live by hunting animals and also picking fruits. To them the forest is sacred, they use the forest greatly but they are all scared becuase of the clearing of forests, they are also deprived of their rights in Africa. Collin M. Turnbull felt a certain fascination and drive to explore the tribe. He was working on trips to Afirca and decided to study the tribe, he was fascinated with how this tribe was excluded from society how they were so independant. His observations lead him to get really close to a tribe member, as a "experiment" he took the member out of the forest. The member started to see many things he had never perceived specially buffalos, although being a hunter he had never seen the, so far away. This is a great exampl of perception to the things we see just like the way he saw the buffalos and thought that it was almost witchcraft.

Colin M. Turnbull
Colin M Turnbull attended Magdalen college at Oxford. He was a well educated person and fascinated at the Pygmies of Africa. After his studies he joined the Royal Naval Reserve. His fascination to the tribe made him one of the most important intellectual in 1960 and 1970. One of his most famous book was "The african Queen" just like this book and many others they are all about the Pygmies. While Colin was on a road trip through Africa his passion for this tribe increased. He returned to Africa later in his life to record native music, he began to feel fascinated about the Pygmies in Africa. He found this tribe to be extremely interesting and arranged to stay there a few times. Like previously said this was one of his main inspirations to writing his books some are even important to the study of ethology. The books are "The Mountain People"and "The Human Cycle". The Mountain people talks about the gatherers and hunters of the Pygmies tribe. All his studies on the tribe have been extremely important to the study of African ethnology.

1. LIKE'S:
2. 1. i LOVE Going to BOSTON, both of my sisters live in boston they are the only reason i truly have fun there.
3. 2. Eating cupcakes, eating cupcakes is basically a tradition i LOVE it every single place we travel to we are in the search of the best cupcake.
4. i love getting my hair done, this makes me happy becuase i feel that i do not look like a freak with my crazy hair.
5. Going to the gym, i love going to the gym because everytime i go i feel that i am going to be skinny someday.
6. Watching t.v., this may be my favorite hobbie this is an activity that i truly enjoy as a child my t.v. had no english cartoons i felt the need for every show to be in english, suddenly they changed from spanish to english and i couldnt stop watching t.v. ever since.

DISLIKES

1. I HATE PLAYING TENNIS, as a child i was forced into this sport i tried everything from being rude to the trainners to try to get my mom out of those classes, tennis never made me suceed and ever since i've never wanted to be in another sport.
2. I HATE MC AND CHEESE, being such an easy food to cook every single time we went to ceiba that was the main dish we ate every sinle night for a week since my sis loves it, this made me HATE mc and cheese
3. I HATE SCHOOL (slightly)elementary was tough my mother basically lived in the states due to cancer(treatment). My mother was absent in my graduation and after school it was straight to tutoring. My first years were tough.
4. I HATE MEETING NEW PEOPLE i am constantly afraid of social rejection, since i have seen many of these incidents i am constanly afraid
5. I HATE MATH math is something everyone EXCEPT ME in my house is good at. As a child i was excpected to get good grades in math, obviouslly this made me worsten in my studies.

Factors of Perception

Perception is due to two main factors internal and external, both of these change the way people perceive things due to their entire psychological and enviormental background. Internal factors that influence the process of perception are our habits every person has different habits due to our backround. Some of us may like reading books while others hate it, this changes the way we perceive books. Our motivations and interests also affect a persons perception because someone who really wants something compared to a person who does not want it at all will have a different perception of an object. Thirdly learning plays the most important part in perception due to our learning one may perceive differently than others, a person might feel that she loves math because she has learned it throughout her life while others may hate it since they have recently staarted to learn it. Personality is also important many people have different feelings about the same things, no one views the world the same way others do. Some people may like to be around other people socializing while others may hate the fact that they have to be close to people.External factors are crucial to perception, External factors that influence the perception of things are our family the people that we are around have raised us in ways that we believe are good, the percepion of clubbing is different for everyone some people have permission to do it and love it and others feel scared or unsure. That is mainly due to the way your parents and family have made you thinks about certain things. Our culture is another external factor that contributes to our perception of things like politics, due o events that have passed in our culture we make our own decisions about a certain political party. Friends are crucial to our perception every group of friends o friend are due to the way people treat our friends or the way the whole gruop of friends wants to be seen as changes the way we perceive parties or cliques in school.

Perception vs. Reality

Everyone has a different views about different things, unlike other people that surround you . Just like in classical conditioning people have different thoughts from everyone else due to the environment that we are raised, our race, our culture and people that surround us and especially due to the experiences we have throughout our lives. The experience we have gained is something crucial in the perceptive part of analyzing information that we get from things; this is all due to the fact that experience changes the way that we should see things. Perception is the interpretation of situations based on the mental registration we have, it refers to the process of integrating, organizing and interpreting sensory information into meaningful representations. And reality is the act of something that is actually happening or that actually. Perception versus reality is something frequently asked. The difference between both is that perception is the reaction or feeling that you get from something that you have already had an experience with. Compared to reality this is quite different; reality is the way that it truly is and that everyone should see it, the way maybe an author or artist wants you to look at and feel but Perception is the way that we perceive it, the way that we automatically get when we view something.

PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology throughout life has been very important for everyone. Psychology has helped people understand the human brain and how people react towards different situations. Psychology is a major thing in my life it has helped me understandmy crazy friends. It is very valuable to me because as a soon to be college student i am still not sure what i want to study. Psychology is something that i like allot and if this years class i like it even more than last year i will study psychology.